German socialist, feminist, journalist, trade unionist and politician who served as a member of the Reichstag from 1920 to 1933. She was active in left-wing German politics in the World War I and Interwar periods before fleeing Germany once the Nazis took power. In exile, she campaigned against the Nazis and for aiding refugees, going on to work for the Office of Strategic Services, the United Nations, and several labor unions.